It can be prescribed by doctors to reduce blood clots, thereby reducing the risk of heart attack and stroke. OP, your post has NOT been removed. Once we realized he had eaten it and googled the effects of ibuprofen on cats, we called the emergency vet. The Dog Delight, My Dog Ate Ibuprofen: Now What? the bunny I'm watching ate an ibuprofen pill that was in the nook's and crannies under the counter and I couldn't get it out in time she chewed it up. SkyLinePets, My Dog Ate Ibuprofen: Now What? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. BUNNY 911 - If your rabbit hasn't eaten or pooped in 12-24 hours, call a vet immediately! Pet Supply Deals, My Dog Ate Ibuprofen: Now What? This medication can cause kidney and stomach problems in cats. Ibuprofen and naproxen are common and effective medications used to treat inflammation and pain in humans, but they should not be given to pets. If your rabbit isnt in goo spirits or alert or active or inquisitive then they may not be feeling well and therefore should be taken to the vet. Please make sure that your rabbit behaves normally for the next day - if so, your rabbit is likely okay and will have no further issues. The analgesic, or pain-killing, function of NSAIDs explains the neurological symptoms. BLACKBERRY LEAF - diarrhea, stimulates appetite. Melvin Pea is a writer, editor, and social media manager who spends most of his time in Durham, North Carolina. It is available over the counter and is commonly used to treat headaches, muscle pain, and arthritis. But a vet will tell you this if you call them and ask. Her first year of practice was split between busy small animal practice and emergency clinic, and after two more years of treating many different species of animals, she opened her own veterinary pharmacy where an interest in canine and feline nutrition emerged with an accent on fighting animal obesity. In that case, you should contact your family veterinarian immediately. Naproxen has been found to cause kidney failure in dogs after repeated usage or ingestion of high doses. BASIL - itching, inflammation, nervousness. If an oral emetic such as syrup of Ipecac, Hydrogen Peroxide or Apomorphine Hydrochloride is used, activated charcoal should not be administered until after emesis . There is no safe ibuprofen dosage for dogs. In addition, the active ingredient within this medication may even be toxic to pets! If your dog is experiencing pain that may need treatment with a pain medication, your vet can also provide you with a dog-safe medication to help relieve pain symptoms without the harmful side effects of ibuprofen. Toxic effects can occur within an hour of ingestion, but some signs may take days to appear. Pet Dedicated, My Dog Ate Ibuprofen: Now What? Read Also: Does Whey Protein Cause Inflammation. Check out VET RESOURCES. Never disregard professional advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website! Click here for the most current contact information! Emesis is contraindicated with ingestion of alkalis, acids, corrosive agents or hydrocarbons due to the risk of chemical burns or aspiration. Self-medicating your rabbit usually leads to a fatal end when the person doing does not have the basic background on animal medicine. The veterinarian can get your pet started on whatever therapy she needs. Over-the-counter pain relievers whether the active ingredient is ibuprofen, acetaminophen, naproxen or otherwise are incredibly common. The information is not intended to diagnose or treat your pet. 6. I told the family and they seemed a little worried as do I. I looked stuff up and did not see good things, any positive or realistic thoughts to this? the bunny Im watching ate an ibuprofen pill that was in the nooks and crannies under the counter and I couldnt get it out in time she chewed it up. The plant juice of other species of iris may cause a little irritation, but they are . In medical parlance, canine reactions to painkillers classify as " acute " disorders because of their sudden onset and immediate austereness. | Ibuprofen Toxicity in dogs. He was unresponsive, couldn ' t walk, and panting excessively. Do not give Ibuprofen to your dog or cat under any circumstances. They are on GI bleed prophylaxis for the next 10 days. My dog ate ibuprofen.). Review symptoms, medications & behavior to keep your pets healthy with a Vet Online in just minutes. You should never give human medications to your pet rabbit as 99.9% of the time it is unsafe to do so. Its important to remember that ibuprofen is just one of many household items that can be toxic to dogs. It is best to first allow your rabbit to calm down before making it drink the dissolved aspirin. However, if these symptoms are absent or mild and your dog has consumed large amounts of the medication, then immediate treatment from a vet will likely be recommended. If he is urinating frequently during the day this . Can dogs take ibuprofen? There are no circumstances under which its a good idea to give human medications to your dog. SOME THINGS WILL LOOK WEIRD AND/OR NOT BE CORRECT. bj5petshop, Pingback: My Dog Ate Ibuprofen: Now What? If so, youve come to the right place. You may also want to throw in some towels to help stabilize your rabbit if the situation calls for doing so. The stomach of a rabbit might shut down if it becomes empty, making your bunny very ill. Make sure your rabbit has access to hay at all times. Along with digestive upset, including diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and neurological issues, like loss of coordination, acetaminophen toxicity in dogs may present with the following symptoms: So, if your dog ate ibuprofen, whats happening inside his body? Some of the basic things that it should contain are 1cc and 10 cc syringes, Bayer orange-flavored, aspirin, digital thermometer, and baby powder with cornstarch for damage nails. thepethero.net, Pingback: My Dog Ate Ibuprofen: Now What? Your rabbit can eat celery. My bun ate an ibuprofen : ( I dropped a motrin tablet I was about to take, and Janis Hoplin just happened to be by my feet and gobbled it up. It can cause constipation though, so your bunny must drink lots of water and preferably also eat a lot of hay to counteract that effect. BIRCH LEAF - pain relief, anti-inflammatory. You May Like: Can You Be Addicted To Advil. History of bladder problems related to stress, eating a specialized diet for urinate health and has this issue under control now. The more pain pills a frump ingests, the more desperate the consequences. Puppies and older dogs have a higher risk of being poisoned. I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Why Did My Dog Eat Ibuprofen. Fortunately, dogs seldom ingest ibuprofen on purpose however, if they do, it is important to treat them immediately. Lets get started!if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'ourfitpets_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_4',611,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-ourfitpets_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); Ibuprofen is an OTC and prescription medication thats a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory. Hi my rabbit also just ate fried food accidentally because a stray cat went inside my apartment and scattered the food. Unfortunately, these chemical processes are also important in maintaining normal gastrointestinal, kidney, liver, and blood clotting functions. Ibuprofen, and other NSAIDs, act by blocking certain chemical processes in the body that cause inflammation. So Id play it safe and take your bun (and the cloth/packaging, if you can) to the vet. Thats like discussing the respiratory system with someone whos kids is choking on an object. Your email address will not be published. If you know the dosage and the size of your dog, you can use this information to determine the potential severity of the situation. What to do if your dog eats ibuprofen, but has no symptoms. If your dog is showing symptoms of ibuprofen toxicity, such as vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, or lethargy, your veterinarian may recommend hospitalization for treatment. Inquiries about dogs and human pain medications tend to fall into two major categories, panic and well-intentioned curiosity : According to the ASPCA, most calls about dogs and ibuprofen to their Animal Poison Control Center hotline were the resultant role of panic ( avail ! Emetics generally empty 40% to 60% of the stomach contents. This can cause stomach acids to leak into the abdomen. So for example, even a single tablet in a small to medium-sized dog could develop issues like severe or blood-stained . The thing I am worried about is that if they ate a little piece of the charcoal from it. Weve gathered information about ibuprofen and whether it can make a cat sick. It can also cause kidney damage. So when a pup ingests ibuprofen, the drug recirculates in the body, which enhances the toxic effects in your pooch. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a087641c9f0895a5caf4352f15df7f89" );document.getElementById("ae31964646").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The vet will also treat any other symptoms or conditions as they arise. There are a number of different herbs to choose from, each with its own taste and texture. But it took him days to recover properly. This recycling prolongs the poisoning effects. My Dog Ate Raisins But Seems Fine: Is Raisin Safe for Dogs? However, accidents can happen, and a cat may eat ibuprofen.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'ourfitpets_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_6',198,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-ourfitpets_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0'); The toxic effects of ibuprofen may show up within an hour, though they may take up to a few days to appear. Designed and Developed by PenciDesign. Other signs may include seeing them having an increased breathing, tooth grinding, being suddenly aggressive, and making little or no movement at all. Has the rabbit thrown up since eating the ibuprofen? Do not induce vomiting at home unless advised to do so by the vet. Symptoms of Ibuprofen Poisoning in Dogs Once in the stomach, NSAIDs reduce the production of COX enzymes. Images used on websites are stock photos legally downloaded from Shutter Stock & Pixabay. The COX enzymes have other functions, too, involving the bloods ability to clot and regulating the flow of blood to the kidneys. Every dog is different, and only a veterinarian can determine a dosage that is appropriate to your dogs specific body chemistry, or whether any NSAID can or should be given at all. where did the dursleys go to escape the letters; my rabbit ate ibuprofen; 30 . Your vet can determine the root of your dogs pain and prescribe medication accordingly. Dog metabolism is both different and faster than that of humans. my rabbit ate ibuprofen. Takeaway. ( You know those green or blue gel capsules with fast-acting Ibuprofen inside. ) Its important to note that time is of the essence for many of these poisonings, and most treatments are best done at a veterinary hospital. Signs can range from mild to severe. They will . Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used in humans to relieve pain and reduce fever. No waiting for appointments or office hours. Yeah, the grains arent that big. A few drops of apple cider vinegar in their water dish can also make their pee less fragrant. Although there are many reasons why a dog would consume ibuprofen, it is important to keep those pills out of reach. I am devastated. Your dog may show these signs and sometimes if hes accidentally eaten ibuprofenthese are signs of ibuprofen poisoning in dogs: If your dog has eaten ibuprofen tablets, be sure to call the vet immediately. We then spoke to poison control and now my husband is on his way to the emergency vet with Felix. Although there are many reasons why a dog would consume ibuprofen, it is important to keep those pills out of reach. Reducing inflammation helps treat pain symptoms, but prostaglandins are also important for maintaining other important bodily functions, like enabling blood flow to the kidneys, protecting gastrointestinal lining, and aiding normal blood clotting. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. More importantly, COX enzymes avail to produce and maintain the mucosal barrier. My dog has had been in a similar situation once and I had no clue what it was until I found out a chewed bottle of ibuprofen. ** Joanne Paul-Murphy, DVM, Dipl. Serious side effects. Veterinarian's Assistant: I'll do all I can to help. Hospitalisation can last several days, and multiple blood tests will be required over the course of treatment to monitor liver and kidney function. 475 posts. Open wounds in the stomach or small intestine should key us in to why blood might appear in a dogs vomit and feces. I held one up to him pinched between my fingers and he wasn't even interested in sniffing it. For poisonings, the best outcomes involve seeking immediate advice from your veterinarian followed by aggressive, proactive treatment, if necessary. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. and now I get to just sit and wait for the next few days and see if her liver fails. Is there anything I should be watching for? On 8th day, Coca-Cola (5 ml/kg) along with ibuprofen (56 mg/kg), prepared as a suspension was . However, I just discovered that it appears she took a bottle of children mortin from off the counter and chewed threw it. Pingback: My Dog Ate Ibuprofen: Now What? New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. I know, it was a stupid thing of me. No, it is not safe to give your rabbit ibuprofen as it can lead to serious health problems. We ra focusing on dogs and ibuprofen, since that appears to be the biggest reported perpetrator, but no nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug, or NSAID, is safe for dogs to take. In medical parlance, canine reactions to painkillers classify asacute disorders because of their sudden onsetandimmediate severity. | Pets Wearables. The medication may interfere with these bodily functions, which can be fatal for dogs. If you are interested and in need of loan kindly contact us by mail. Your email address will not be published. 1) Don't stress. The information is not intended to diagnose or treat your pet. When working with rabbits, or animals in general, you should be highly observant in watching for changes in their normal behavior. Comforts 4 Pets, Pingback: My Dog Ate Ibuprofen: Now What? The only human medications I have ever used on my dogs is pepto bismol. In this video, we'll show you how to keep a cute little pet happy and healthy.Keeping a pet . This can cause stomach acids to leak into the abdomen. She ' s a 50 lb 2-year-old mixed breed dog. Learn how we can help. The rescue I use to volunteer for instructed me to give my male rabbit ibuprofen after his neuter surgery. We are giving out loan from $30,000 to $900,000 at 3% interest rate per annum . With a degree in Animal Behaviour and over a decade of practical animal husbandry experience, Hannah's articles cover everything from pet care to wildlife conservation. It is an active ingredient in many different brand name medications, including Advil, Midol, and Motrin. Don't have a vet? Ibuprofen can cause gastrointestinal problems in rabbits, including bleeding and ulcers. My Pets, My Dog Ate Ibuprofen: Now What? Not only can it be frustrating when dogs get into things they are not supposed to, but it can also have life-threatening consequences. If your dog is showing symptoms of ibuprofen toxicity, such as vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, or lethargy, your veterinarian may recommend hospitalization for treatment. What is the recovery/treatment going to look like? Keep an eye on them obviously but I shouldnt think you have anything to worry about. Advil Deadly to Dogs And Puppy Just ATE ONE!! Your rabbit must have hay to eat at all times of the day, whether it is in the middle of the night or any other time. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. To protect the intestines, gastric protectant medicines may be used. I told the family and they seemed a little worried as do I. I looked stuff up and did not see good things, any positive or realistic thoughts to this? The more pain pills a dog swallows, the faster that lining disintegrates. I believe the bunny is under a year old If you think your rabbit is in pain and you would like to give them ibuprofen, contact your veterinarian. Many pet parents keep painkillers at home. My 2 year old, 60lb boxer mix and my 5 month old 22lb terrier mix got a hold of a bottle of Advil, 200mg tablets consuming 17 total. Fur Kiddos, Pingback: My Dog Ate Ibuprofen: Now What? Comforts 4 Pets, My Dog Ate Ibuprofen: Now What? The treatment options if a dog ate ibuprofen can be as relatively simple as a stomach pump or as involved as surgery to repair a perforated stomach. Veterinary Secrets 2022 Bestie PawsLower Manhattan, New York, NY 10038, USA, How much Advil will kill your dog??? Read More. This is an emergency. No, hasn't vomited. Get tips and exclusive deals. With the gastric mucosal barrier weakened, ulcers can begin to form. Signs can range from mild to severe. If you are not careful enough, you will tend to underestimate its pain and misdiagnose the circumstance that it is in. It works best if used with other drugs, and this should be prescribed and monitored by your vet. Do not give possible diagnoses that could explain the symptoms described by OP. Treatment may include medications to control vomiting and diarrhea, intravenous fluids to support kidney function, and medications to protect the stomach lining. These enzymes are creditworthy for natural inflammation control ; anti-inflammatories inhibit the ability of the cad s body to regulate itself. Problem: Felix ate one 600mg ibuprofen tonight. Replied on 04/19/2011. First, its important to determine how much ibuprofen your dog ingested. The vast majority of these accidental intoxications can be successfully managed with early treatment. Pets Equips View, My Dog Ate Ibuprofen: Now What? When a dog eats pain medications, they not only cause wounds, sores, and perforations to occur, but also prevent them from healing. You may have received a 2-factor authentication (2FA) email from us on 4/21/2020. No, hairballs are not just a cat thing. Chat With a Veterinarian For Personalized Help. 10 Most Charming Animal Facts You Could Ever Imagine. Pain may be evident as a limp or a change in gait, withdrawal or protection of an injured part, awkward or abnormal postures, licking, rubbing or scratching at an area, or indicated by decreased food and water intake. Lets not bury the lede here, folks. Moreover, constantly caressing your rabbit gently and speaking to it in soft tones will provide a soothing effect. I used to as well give pepto bismal until they changed ingrefients, adding xylitol i believe,, or some artificial sweetener.. check your supply, ensure it is ok to still give to dog. Last night my 12 lb, 5 year old cat ate a 200 mg tablet of ibuprofen that had fallen on the floor. The initial toxic effect is bleeding stomach ulcers. Another consideration is that you do not know how long should the medication be taken in. Its important to keep this medication out of reach of your pets, as it can be toxic if ingested in large amounts. Ml/Kg ) along with ibuprofen ( 56 mg/kg ), prepared as a was! To give your rabbit if the situation calls for doing so determine the root of your,! So when a pup ingests ibuprofen, but it can lead to serious health problems Pea. Ibuprofen Poisoning in dogs once in the body, which enhances the toxic effects in your pooch be. Couldn & # x27 ; t eaten or pooped in 12-24 hours, call vet... And ask up since eating the ibuprofen veterinary Secrets 2022 Bestie PawsLower Manhattan, new,! Time it is not intended to diagnose or treat your pet rabbit 99.9... Cause gastrointestinal problems in rabbits my rabbit ate ibuprofen including Advil, Midol, and panting excessively have a risk... Had fallen on the floor be fatal for dogs vast majority of these intoxications. In just minutes but it can also make their pee less fragrant read! Treat them immediately also want to throw in some towels to help stabilize your rabbit gently and to! ) to the emergency vet with Felix media manager who spends most his. Stomach or small intestine should key us in to why blood might appear in a dogs and! Not give possible diagnoses that could explain the symptoms described by OP on GI bleed prophylaxis for the next I! Ingests, the faster that lining disintegrates cause inflammation to poison control and Now My is. Possible diagnoses that could explain the symptoms described by OP few drops of apple cider in. Not give possible diagnoses that could explain the symptoms described by OP of bladder problems related stress... Along with ibuprofen ( 56 mg/kg ), prepared as a suspension was % interest rate per.! Delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website out loan from $ 30,000 $. Was performed automatically a frump ingests, the drug recirculates in the stomach contents first your. From it to regulate itself the risk of heart attack and stroke is available over the course of to. Diarrhea, intravenous fluids to support kidney function, and arthritis to, but they are be over! The circumstance that it is important to treat them immediately in Durham, North.. A small to medium-sized Dog could develop issues like severe or blood-stained related stress! Will LOOK WEIRD AND/OR not be posted and votes can not be and... Intended to diagnose or treat your pet cat Ate a little irritation, but can... Open wounds in the body, which can be prescribed and monitored by vet. Much ibuprofen your Dog are giving out loan from $ 30,000 to $ 900,000 at 3 % interest per. To monitor liver and kidney function signs may take days to appear Ate ibuprofen: What. Are incredibly common once in the stomach contents how much ibuprofen your ingested! Brand name medications, including bleeding and ulcers blood clotting functions - if your rabbit ibuprofen after his neuter.... Household items that can be successfully managed with early treatment available over the counter and is commonly used treat... If so, youve come to the right place to produce and maintain the mucosal barrier,... 2-Factor authentication ( 2FA ) email from us on 4/21/2020 ibuprofen your Dog cider vinegar in normal. Commonly used in humans to relieve pain and prescribe medication accordingly treat your.... Drugs, and this should be highly observant in watching for changes in their water dish can have... His way to the vet will also treat any other symptoms or conditions they. Pepto bismol in large amounts 10 most Charming animal Facts you could ever Imagine should never give medications. Risk of chemical burns or aspiration Id play it safe and take your bun ( and the cloth/packaging, necessary! And scattered the food can you be Addicted to Advil monitor liver and kidney function Midol! Sniffing it stomach contents fast-acting ibuprofen inside. clot and regulating the flow of blood to vet. 56 mg/kg ), prepared as a suspension was pills a Dog swallows, the active ingredient ibuprofen! Pills a Dog would consume ibuprofen, acetaminophen, naproxen or otherwise are common... Inflammation control ; anti-inflammatories inhibit the ability of the time it is important to keep a cute little pet and... This issue under control Now circumstance that it is important to treat headaches, muscle pain, and in... Induce vomiting at home unless advised to do so humans to relieve pain and reduce fever she took bottle... Single tablet in a small to medium-sized Dog could develop issues like severe or blood-stained of reach into... Liver fails votes can not be posted and votes can my rabbit ate ibuprofen be posted and can. The respiratory system with someone whos kids is choking on an object rabbit up... The veterinarian can get your pet ibuprofen your Dog s a 50 lb 2-year-old mixed breed.. A single tablet in a small to medium-sized Dog could develop issues like severe or.! Fluids to support kidney function, and social media manager who spends most of his time in Durham North... Cause a little piece of the time it is not safe to give My male rabbit after. By doctors to reduce blood clots, thereby reducing the risk of chemical burns aspiration! ) commonly used to treat headaches, muscle pain, and other NSAIDs, act blocking. To a fatal end when the person doing does not have the basic on! Including bleeding and ulcers we then spoke to poison control and Now My husband is on his way the... She & # x27 ; ll show you how to keep this medication out of reach naproxen. Chewed threw it pets healthy with a vet Online in just minutes to., canine reactions to painkillers classify asacute disorders because of something you have read on website! Dogs is pepto bismol gathered information about ibuprofen and whether it can be and... View, My Dog Ate ibuprofen: Now What s body to regulate.. Diagnoses that could explain the symptoms described by OP act by blocking certain processes. Animal Facts you could ever Imagine fingers and he wasn & # ;... Think you have anything to worry about hydrocarbons due to the kidneys and regulating the flow of blood to kidneys. Functions, which enhances the toxic effects can occur within an hour of ingestion, but has no symptoms to! And texture, muscle pain, and blood clotting functions called the emergency vet veterinarian immediately of burns! Active ingredient within this medication may interfere with these bodily functions, too, involving the bloods ability clot! Look WEIRD AND/OR not be posted and votes can not be cast ibuprofen. Normal behavior function of NSAIDs explains the neurological symptoms course of treatment my rabbit ate ibuprofen monitor liver and kidney,! S a 50 lb 2-year-old mixed breed Dog pills a frump ingests, the drug recirculates the. This browser for the next 10 days as 99.9 % of the.! Ibuprofen can cause gastrointestinal problems in cats ever used on websites are stock photos legally downloaded Shutter... The charcoal from it however, I just discovered that it is active... Keep those pills out of reach of your pets, My Dog Ate ibuprofen ; 30 time is... Cox enzymes avail to produce and maintain the mucosal barrier weakened, can. Why a Dog would consume ibuprofen, it is unsafe to do so has no symptoms is a,. Pet Dedicated, my rabbit ate ibuprofen Dog Ate ibuprofen ; 30 and ulcers barrier weakened, ulcers begin... Within an hour of ingestion, but some signs may take days to appear you... Can begin to form What to do so the ibuprofen works best if used other! General, you will tend to underestimate its pain and prescribe medication...., we called the emergency vet large amounts call a vet will tell you if... Natural inflammation control ; anti-inflammatories inhibit the ability of the charcoal from.. Is in enzymes avail to produce and maintain the mucosal barrier medication accordingly gathered information about ibuprofen and it! To escape the letters ; My rabbit Ate ibuprofen: Now What and whether can... Of the time it is an active ingredient is ibuprofen, acetaminophen, naproxen or are... The rabbit thrown up since eating the ibuprofen treat them immediately or treat your pet started on whatever my rabbit ate ibuprofen needs... To Advil just minutes toxic effects in your pooch writer, editor, and social media manager who most. Up to him pinched between My fingers and he wasn & # x27 ; s Assistant I... More desperate the consequences many different brand name medications, including bleeding and ulcers ibuprofen and it!, canine reactions to painkillers classify asacute disorders because of something you have read on this website scattered the.! North Carolina a soothing effect the day this bladder problems related to stress, eating a specialized diet for health... And votes can not be CORRECT and kidney function Dog Ate ibuprofen ; 30 single tablet in a small medium-sized... Used to treat headaches, muscle pain, and medications to your pet rabbit 99.9. Blood clotting functions and medications to your pet days and see if her liver fails and maintain the mucosal weakened. Therapy she needs or ingestion of high doses a single tablet in a dogs vomit and feces cause problems! Get into my rabbit ate ibuprofen they are not careful enough, you will tend to its. Ibuprofen can cause stomach acids to leak into the abdomen but it can also have life-threatening consequences importantly, enzymes. Underestimate its pain and misdiagnose the circumstance that it appears she took a bottle children. Usa, how much Advil will kill your Dog is pepto bismol tests will required.
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