Smith, Rodney K. "James Madison, John Witherspoon, and Oliver Cowerdy: The First Amendment and the 134th Section of the Doctrine and Covenants." New Jersey was overrun by the British in November of '76, when he was returning from the mission. Whatever their status that August, the 56 men who eventually signed the Declaration of Independence were under no illusions. From Antigua they moved to Darby, Pennsylvania where Annis was born in 1736, then moved to Philadelphia where her father established a shop and home next door to Benjamin Franklin. Witherspoon became the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. After Stockton's death, Annis, one of America's first published female poets, became a favorite correspondent of General Washington. The passage of the Stamp Act of 1765 had infuriated many wealthy and influential colonists, and was responsible for beginning the storm that settled over that historic assembly in Philadelphia in July 1776. There is not a single shoe or stocking to be had in this part of the world, or I would ride a hundred miles thought the woods, and purchase them with my own moneyfor youll consider that the weather here must be different from that in New Jersey; it is very cold now I assure you. As president of Princeton, Witherspoon educated five delegates to the U.S. There were no negative votes among the five southernmost colonies (South Carolina went along for the sake of unity), and when the roll had been completed 12 colonies had voted in favor of separation from Britain, with only New York abstaining. John Witherspoon is Don Rigali . "Let my trade perish. Witherspoon instituted a number of reforms, including modeling the syllabus and university structure after that used at the University of St. Andrews and other Scottish universities. Fleming H. Revell Company: 1906. He also served twice in the state legislature. Address: 11-15 Wiggins St Princeton, NJ 08542. He brought many of the better elements of the Scottish Enlightenment to Princeton and was interested in science as well as in government, moral philosophy, religion, and other subjects; notes of his lectures, which stressed the moral sense, were widely distributed in early America. He lost all of his extensive library, writings, and all of his property during the British invasion. His fame preceded him and he was received by the most eminent men of the kingdom. Richard and Hannah were brother and sister, making Richard Stockton's (born 1730) parents 1st cousins.[12]. But none of the signers ever betrayed his pledged word. Two important ones included the Committee on Secret Correspondence and the Board of War. Many referred to it as the "Presbyterian Rebellion" and a Hessian soldier wrote, "America-call this war dearest friend by whatever name you may, only call it not an American Rebellion. John Witherspoon: A Sermon Occasioned by His Death (1802), The History and Genealogy of the Witherspoon Family by Joseph Bailey Witherspoon, Protected Profile addition - Signers Declaration of Indepence, Patriotic Service, New Jersey, American Revolution, Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence. John Stockton married his cousin Abigail and assumed his wifes Presbyterian faith. Of particular interest to Witherspoon was the Crown's growing interference in the local and colonial affairs which previously had been the prerogatives and rights of the American authorities. He proceeded to Edinburgh where he attained a Master of Arts, then to four years of divinity school. Have you taken a DNA test? (Image courtesy of the Architect of the Capitol) UCF lecturer David Head barely needs notes to teach the course U.S. History: 1492-1877. He became a Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) minister at Beith, Ayrshire, serving there from 1745 to 1758, where he married Elizabeth Montgomery. A Reading | The man chosen to formally declare the reasons for independence was Thomas Jefferson, a 33 year-old lawyer and plantation owner from Virginia. At Princeton, he mentored constitutional architect James Madison; as a New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress, he was the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. The author's work incorporates data from the application files of the Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, the Frank W. Leach manuscript, and many other published references. Geni requires JavaScript! John Witherspoon (1723-1794) was a Scottish-born American Presbyterian divine and educator. This article was originally published in 2009. He managed to move his family to safety, but was captured and imprisoned by the British. This article was originally published in 2009. of Serle, 176-177, 178-179, 180, 186: John Shuttleworth to (Walter Spencer) Stanhope, June 29, (i.e., Jan. 29), 1777, Sterling, Annals of a Yorkshire House, II, 21: Henry Laurens to John Laurens, Feb. 3, 1777, C.O.5/40; the Howes to Germain, March 25, 1777, and (enclosed therein) declarations subscribed as a result of the proclamation of Nov. 30, 1777, C.O. Elias Boudinot served his country in many positions during the difficult times of the American Revolution. [9] "Common report, moreover, may be attributed to Judge Stockton some of the exploits of a distant cousin, Major Richard Stockton an obnoxious Tory, who did take Howe's protection and went over to the British until he was captured in Feb. Francis Lewis was away when the British ransacked his home, so they seized his wife, treated her brutally, and threw her into prison under foul conditions. [19] In Congress, he was appointed congressional chaplain, and in July 1776, he voted to adopt the Virginia Resolution for Independence. Their son Richard Stockton became an eminent lawyer and prominent Federalist leader. Presidents of Princeton University. Yet he so conducted himself that Benjamin Rush of Pennsylvania said of Morris that "every attachment of his heart yielded to his love of his country.". Exhausted, racked by cancer, Rodney set out after dusk and rode all night through the pouring rain and the crashing thunder, stopping only long enough to change horses. Father of Anne Witherspoon Smith; John William Witherspoon; Christian Witherspoon; James Witherspoon; Robert Witherspoon and 8 others; Barbara Witherspoon; John Knox Witherspoon, Jr.; Frances Ramsay; George Witherspoon; Infant Witherspoon; David Witherspoon; Mary Anne Woods and Frances Witherspoon less Committees of Correspondence were organized in 1772 to exchange information among the colonies and mold public opnion in the developing struggle. Biography by Rev. On September 26, 1776, he and fellow signer George Clymer of Pennsylvania were sent on an arduous journey of nearly two months duration to inspect the northern army. Witherspoon was a proponent of Christian values, his common sense approach to the public morality of civil magistrates was influenced by the ethics of Scottish philosophers Francis Hutcheson and Reid rather than Jonathan Edwards. The time had come to vote again on Richard Henry Lee's resolution. His parents were James Witherspoon and Anna Walker. His most prominent students were Aaron Burr and James Madison. This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 19:20. The fifth son of Richard, eight year old John Stockton, inherited much of his fathers land after Richard died in 1709. Because of the parole document Stockton signed with General Howe to gain his freedom, and giving his word of honor not to meddle in the war (required to be given a parole), Stockton resigned from Congress. Dreading the possibility of war, on December 12, 1774; he drew up and sent to Lord Dartmouth, Secretary for the Colonies An Expedient for the Settlement of the American Disputes, a plan for self-government of America, independent of Parliament but owing allegiance to the Crown. Born in 1723, he received the finest education available to a bright young gentleman of that era. On his return to Princeton, he traveled 30 miles east to the home of a friend, John Covenhoven, to evacuate his family to safety, and away from the path of the British army. His efforts helped the Continental Army drive back Lord Cornwallis' army in retreat in 1780. Not all of those who had voted for independence on July 2nd were present in August. Philip Stockton, Susanna Pintard, Oct 1 1730 - Morven, Princeton, New Jersey, Feb 28 1781 - Morven, Princeton, New Jersey, Annis Stockton (Signer Of Declaration Of Independence) (born Boudinot), Oct 1 1730 - Princeton, Mercer, New Jersey, United States, Feb 28 1781 - Princeton, Mercer, New Jersey, United States, dinot Rush (born Stockton), Mary Stockton, Susan Stockton, Lucius Horatio Stockton, Abigal Field, Abigail Stockton, Stockton, Hon. He was born at Gifford which is the neighbouring parish to the one John Knox was born in. No 5,page 127Abstracts of the Council of Safety Minutes, State of New Jersey, 1777-1778, Hutchinson, Richard S., Heritage Books 2005,Letters of Delegates to Congress, Vol.6.Bill, Alfred Hoyt., A House Called Morven. There must be no pulling different ways; we must all hang together." His work turned Princeton into the Ivy League school it is today. in New Orleans, Louisiana , United States (46 years), This form allows you to report an error or to submit additional information about this family tree: Reese WITHERSPOON (1976), Copyright Wikipdia authors - This article is under licence CC BY-SA 3.0. Stockton was the first person from New Jersey to sign the Declaration of Independence. Representing New Jersey at the Continental Congress. Witherspoon, in accordance with the Scottish moral sense philosophy, taught that all human beings, Christian or otherwise, could be virtuous, but he was nonetheless committed to Christianity as the only route to personal salvation. [2], He was then moved to Provost Prison in New York where he was intentionally starved and subjected to freezing cold weather. The ancestors of Richard "The Emigrant" Stockton are not known. On his deathbed, John Morton sent these final words to those who had rejected him: " Tell them that they will live to see the hour when they shall acknowledge it [the signing] as the most glorious service I have ever rendered to my country.". In 1776, Stockton was elected to the Second Continental Congress, where he took a very active role. John Knox Witherspoon (1723-1794)clergyman, educator, and founding fatherserved as Princeton's sixth president from 1768 until his death in 1794. He was awarded a Doctorate of Divinity from the University of St Andrews, Fife. Eleven delegates were prosperous merchants, nine were wealthy farmers or landowners, and 24 were lawyers or judges. ", Although the Stamp Act was subsequently repealed, it had been followed by the Townshend Acts and the Writs of Assistance in 1767, the Boston Massacre in 1770, increasing interference in colonial governments, the Boston Port Bill in 1774, and other "injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states.". The settled opinion among the American founding fathers, including Dr. Witherspoon, was that slavery would eventually disappear naturally within a generation. "John Witherspoon." (19 February 1756 - 1763), John Knox Witherspoon, Jr. (29 July 1757 - 30 January 1796), Frances Witherspoon (16 August 1759 - 11 November 1784). He was called before the Board, took the Oath and was dismissed (It is noted that Stockton did not turn in any protection papers as was required if you signed Howe's Proclamation and were given a pardon). Washington ordered his forces to withdraw and the Redcoats laid waste to most of the countryside, destroying in the process homes and lands of the four who signed for New York. However, in this framework, non-Christian societies could have virtue, which, by his definition, could be found in natural law. On July 2, 1776, the day of the vote on independence, another delegate claimed that America wasn't yet ripe enough for independence. Witherspoon cast his affirmative vote for independence on July 2, 1776. The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey is named in his honor. Stocktons high character and distinguished abilities preceded him and he was received by the most eminent men of the kingdom. He served on over 100 committees, most notably the sitting committees, the board of peace and the committee on public correspondence or common affairs. He first took a moderate stance in the troubles between the colonies and Great Britain. John Witherspoon would profess that he loved his new home in New Jersey, and that he had "become an American the moment he landed." The Stocktons had six children. Jimmy Witherspoon, born in Arkansas, was a master of the blues. Richard and his wife Abigail (nee unknown) were the parents of Richard "The Builder" Stockton, the grandfather of Rihcard "The Signer" Stockton. Stockton wrote fellow signer Abraham Clark Dear Sir, Before I left Philadelphia Congress appointed a Committee, consisting of one member from each state, to devise ways and means for furnishing the Army with clothing and etc. "[17], Long wary of the power of the British Crown, Witherspoon saw the growing centralization of government, progressive ideology of colonial authorities, and establishment of episcopacy authority as a threat to the liberties of the colonies. As to the first it seems to be only that the master has a right to the labors and ingenuity of the servant for a limited time, or at most for life. Stockton became an eminent Lawyer with one of the largest practices in the colonies. He served on over 100 committees, most notably the powerful standing committees, the board of war and the committee on secret correspondence or foreign affairs. Some believe that he may have been responsible for adding the words with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence to the Declaration of Independence. He also firmed up entrance requirements. Last May, five members of the philosophy . For the next 26 years, he would serve as Princeton's President, helping to make it a great institution for higher learning. The oldest, James, was a major in the Revolutionary army, and fell at the battle of Germantown. The practice was also impolitic, as slaves never are so good or faithful servants, as those who become so for a limited time by consent. There is absolutely no proof this occurred. Annis Boudinot Stockton died February 6, 1801, surviving her beloved Richard by nearly twenty years. The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution; Ira D. Gruber; W.S. Princeton University Press, 1948. In 1776, the New Jersey delegates to the Congress were holding out against Independence. He was the only active clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration. The signers were public spirited and patriotic citizens who had for years been important in the affairs of their local communities and governments. The British offered freedom for the boys if he would abandon the cause, but Abraham Clark refused. In 1768, he left Scotland to travel to New Jersey, to accept a position as President of the College of New Jersey (now known as Princeton University). A young English woman Esther DeBerdt, engaged to Stocktons former law student Joseph Reed remarked, I like Mr. Stockton exceedingly. Reese father earned his living as a surgeon and her mother was a college professor. He studied law with David Ogden, of Newark, who was at that time the head of the legal profession in the province. Only John Hancock signed the declaration that day, and a formal signing by all the delegates was scheduled for August 2nd. They found the army in need of all necessary things and Stockton reported this to John Hancock. A merchant ship, the SS John Witherspoon, saw service during World War II as part of convoy PQ-17, and was sunk by a German U-boat in the North Atlantic on 6 July 1942. Stockton's treatment in the New York prison prompted Continental Congress to pass a resolution directing George Washington to inquire into the circumstances and not long afterward, Stockton was paroled on January 13, 1777. Declaration of Independence, printed by John Dunlap, July 4, 1776, Records of the Continental and Confederation, Congresses and the Constitutional Convention, 1774-1789, Record Group 360; National Archives. McKean and George Read, the other two representatives from Delaware, were split on the issue of independence and Caesar Rodney's vote was needed if Delaware was to join the United States of America. American independence Witherspoon was a strong supporter of America and American independence. The gallery was crowded; the floor was reserved for members of Congress; and on the wall hung the empty frame of the portrait of George II, which Alexander Hamiltons cannon ball had destroyed in the fighting of January 3rd at the battle of Princeton six years before. [26] That spring, Phagan took a job with the National Pencil Company, where she earned ten cents an hour operating a knurling machine that inserted rubber erasers into the metal tips of pencils, and worked 55 hours per week. Since that period, he hath represented New-Jersey in the congress of the United States. References:Sanderson, Biography of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, page 195, 1831. ref>[1]Sanderson, Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, 1823, page 156, 195.Stryker, William S., The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, Cambridge. Witherspoon was an early convert to the Patriot cause, and the British considered his college to be a seminary of sedition (Morrison 2005: 13). He studied law with David Ogden of Newark. In 1768, Stockton had his first taste of government service when he was elevated to a seat in the New Jersey Provincial Council; he was later (1774) appointed to the provincial New Jersey Supreme Court. [1] The day Stockton was captured, General William Howe had written a Proclamation offering protection papers and a full and free pardon to those willing to remain in peaceable obedience to the King. "[7] 4,836 Declarations were subscribed but Stockton as a Signer of the Declaration of Independence and a leading rebel never did according to General Howe. He was the only active clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration on July 4th, 1776. Birth of Rev. This ancestor of actress Reese Witherspoon contributed to the education of several high profile Founding Parents of the United States. He died on his farm, "Tusculum," just outside of Princeton in November of 1794, a man much honored and beloved by his adopted countrymen. 2009. An urgent message from his colleague, Thomas McKean, now demanded his presence in Philadelphia "at the earliest possible moment." [25] The next oldest son, John, graduated from Princeton in 1779, practiced medicine in South Carolina, and was lost at sea in 1795. John R. Vile. ", Steven Hopkins of Rhode Island, the second-oldest signer, was afflicted with palsy. In colonial American, the best educated men were often found in the clergy. The map below shows the places where the ancestors of the famous person lived. by John C. Glynn, Jr. and Kathryn Glynn, 2008, Sources:American Archives. Although many took the pardon, Stockton never did and was marched to Perth Amboy where he was put in irons, and brutally treated as a common criminal. He also firmed up entrance requirements, which helped the school compete with Harvard and Yale for scholars. He was consulted on the state of American affairs by such notable men as the Marquis of Rockingham with whom he spent a week at his country estate. Witherspoon immediately declared "It is not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it." The black gowned students of Princeton surrounded the door to Nassau Hall and cheered as Washington entered. Besides paper documents, it is one of four still-existing objects that were present during the Constitutional Convention, along with the Liberty Bell, the chair that George Washington sat in as the Constitutional Convention's . In this sense, the temporal principles of morality required a religious component which derived its authority from the spiritual. He was captured there November 30, 1776, by loyalists in the dead of night, drug from his bed and marched in freezing weather clad only in a nightshirt and breeches. Unanimity was essential, so Edward Rutledge of South Carolina moved that a final vote be postponed until the following day. Previously offered for $12M. Following the Jacobite victory at the Battle of Falkirk (1746), he was briefly imprisoned at Doune Castle, which had a long-term impact on his health. He was appointed to the royal council of New Jersey in 1765 and remained a member until the government was reformed. The duties on each side. New York still abstained, but New Jersey and Pennsylvania voted in the affirmative. Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Vol 3, p.115Glynn, His Sacred Honor Judge Richard Stockton a signer of the Declaration of Independence, 2006, page 197Patriots of the American Revolution, May/June 2010, Vol 3, Issue 3. John Witherspoon: The Signers of the Declaration of Independence John Witherspoon was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. From 1758-1768, he was minister of the Laigh Kirk, Paisley (Low Kirk). Political career. Thus had the stage been set as Caesar Rodney galloped up Chestnut Street to the State House in Philadelphia on the morning of July 2nd. Judge Richard Stockton was the only signer to be put in irons, starved and imprisoned under brutal conditions by the British four months after signing the Declaration of Independence. Moses Coit Tyler "President Witherspoon in the American Revolution" The American Historical Review Volume 1, Issue 1, July 1896. pp. John Witherspoon, (born Feb. 15, 1723, [Feb. 5, 1722, old style], Gifford, East Lothian, Scot.died Nov. 15, 1794, Tusculum, N.J., U.S.), Scottish-American Presbyterian minister and president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University); he was the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. General Washington ordered that the document be read to each Army brigade on July 9th, and he reported afterwards to Congress on "the expressions and behavior of officers and men testifying their warmest and approbation of it." Declaration House | Although none of the Leaders, nor principal Instigators and Abettors of the Rebellion, thought fit to avail themselves of the opportunity given them to return to their Duty, we have some satisfaction in observing that so considerable a number of His Majesty's deluded Subjects, of inferior Rank, in those Provinces where the Proclamation could be expect to have Effect, were disposed to relinquish the unjust Cause they had been once induced to support. Trevor Colbourn (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1974) 181. Stockton returned to America in August 1767. John C. Witherspoon was the Calvinist preacher, President of Princeton College, and signer of the Declaration of Independence. Start page | For Gods sake my dear sir, upon the receipt of this collect all the shoes and stockings you can, and send them off for Albany in light wagons; a couple of two horse wagons will bring a great many, which may be distributed among our several Regiments who will be all together at Tyconderoga in a few days if any breeches, gloves and coats be ready send them along; but do not wait for them if the shoes and stockings are ready, and the others notwe have dispatches from General Gates this morning informing that he hourly expects to be attacked by the Enemy; but our works are very strong and a Boom thrown across the water from Tyconderoga to prevent the enemies shipping from getting below us, therefore I trust with the blessing of Almighty God, that we shall disappoint their wishes and sanguinary purposesBut shall the brave troops from New Jersey stand in lines half leg deep in snow without shoes or stockingGod forbid. John Witherspoon stated: "Religion is the grand concern of us all the salvation of our souls is the one thing needful." After his wife died in 1789, John Witherspoon headed up a committee in the New Jersey legislature to abolish slavery. [16] From among his students came 37 judges (three of whom became justices of the U.S. Supreme Court); 10 Cabinet officers; 12 members of the Continental Congress, 28 U.S. Later that year he was elected to the Continental Congress in time to vote for R. H. Lee's Resolution for Independence. President of College of New Jersey, 1768-1792; Delegate to the Continental Congress, 1776-1782; Twice elected to State Legislature of New Jersey. [1], John married Elisabeth Montgomerie in the parish of Beith, Ayrshire on 14 August 1748.[2]. He met with Edmund Burke, the Earl of Chatham, and many other distinguished members of Parliament who were friendly to the American Colonies. In 1774, he drafted and sent to Lord Dartmouth "a plan of self-government for America, independent of Parliament, without renouncing the Crown." Richard Stocktons grandson Commodore Robert Field Stockton conquered California, became its first military governor in 1846, and in 1851 served as a Senator from New Jersey. This painting by artist John Trumbull depicts the moment on June 28, 1776, when the first draft of the Declaration of Independence was presented to the Second Continental Congress. Dr. John Witherspoon, President of Princetion University and a signer of the American Declaration of Independence. He died in 1794 on his farm Tusculum, just outside of Princeton, and is buried in the Princeton Cemetery. Stockton was sick and near death when he returned home. Stockton was an active and influential member of Congress. John Knox Witherspoon (February 5, 1723 - November 15, 1794) was a Scots Presbyterian minister and a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence [1] as a representative of New Jersey. The rebels captured him, imprisoned him in a castle, and threatened to kill him. She became a professor of nursing at Vanderbilt University. Then, on June 7th, Richard Henry Lee put this resolution before the Congress: "RESOLVED, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.". While he at first abstained from political concerns, he came to support the revolutionary cause, accepting appointment to the committees of correspondence and safety in early 1776. In answer to an objection that the country was not yet ready for independence, according to tradition he replied that it "was not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it."[20][21]. Following the war, Witherspoon devoted his life to rebuilding the College. One night in Edinburgh, Stockton was attacked by a robber and he defended himself skillfully with a small sword, the surprised and wounded robber fled. When John Witherspoon was born in 1730, in County Down, Ireland, his father, Robert Witherspoon, was 25 and his mother, Mary Stuart, was 21. Witherspoon advocated for "gradual emancipation" of slaves. Some are superior to others in mental powers and intellectual improvementsome by the great increase of their property through their own, or their predecessors industry, and some make it their choice, finding they cannot live otherwise better, to let out their labor to others for hire. 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Slavery would eventually disappear naturally within a generation Kathryn Glynn, Jr. and Kathryn Glynn, Jr. Kathryn. Serve as Princeton 's President, helping to make it a Great institution for higher.... In danger of rotting for the measure, but was captured and imprisoned by the British offered for! Death when he was received by the British school compete with Harvard and john witherspoon declaration of independence family tree for scholars 2 1776. In 1723, he hath represented New-Jersey in the colonies and Great Britain surgeon her.
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